What is IQ?

Before delving into our list of individuals with the highest IQ in the world, let’s take a moment to refresh our understanding of IQ.

IQ, short for Intelligence Quotient, originated from the German phrase “Intelligenzquotient,” as coined by psychologist William Stern.

Furthermore, IQ functions as a gauge of an individual’s reasoning ability, evaluating their aptitude for applying logic and reasoning to tasks involving problem-solving and prediction.

IQ tests are crafted to evaluate an array of cognitive skills, encompassing:

Verbal reasoning
Nonverbal reasoning
Spatial reasoning
Working memory
Processing speed

IQ Tests and their importance

An IQ test evaluates an individual’s cognitive skills and generates a score to measure their potential and intellectual abilities, determining their position in the hierarchy of intelligence. As a result, it is widely used to assess intelligence. The person with the highest IQ in the world is often a subject of fascination, as their exceptional score surpasses all others.

IQ tests are typically scored on a scale of 100, with an average score of 100. Most people score between 85 and 115, but those with the highest IQ in the world often soar well beyond 130, indicating their exceptional giftedness. Scores below 70, on the other hand, indicate intellectual disability.

IQ Level Classification
130+ Very Superior
120-129 Superior
110-119 High average
90-109 Average
80-89 Below average
70-79 Borderline
69 and below Intellectual disability

Did you know that there are different types of IQ tests to determine IQ? They are as follows:-

Cognitive Assessment System: The Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) is designed to assess cognitive abilities and is applicable to individuals aged 5-17 years. Furthermore, scores are derived from four factors: Planning ability, Attention, Simultaneous processing, and Successive processing.

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: Moving on, the KABC is an IQ test intended to evaluate the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. An individual’s intelligence is scored based on Age, Raw score, Scaled score, Age percentile, and composite scores.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Shifting focus to the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, these are individually administered intelligence tests developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon. They are employed for diagnosing developmental and intellectual issues in both children and adults. These tests can be administered to individuals within the age range of 2-85 years.

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test: Next, let’s discuss the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT), which is designed to assess intelligence (cognitive capacity) in children and adolescents aged 5-17 years. Its aim is to measure general intelligence, memory, reasoning, and internal mediation.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Transitioning to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), this is an individually administered intelligence test created to measure cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. It stands as the most widely used intelligence test for adults globally. Scoring is based on Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, and Processing speed.

Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Finally, let’s explore the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. This standardized test measures a broad spectrum of cognitive abilities in individuals aged 2 to 90+. The test comprises 18 subtests assessing various cognitive abilities, including General intellectual ability and broad and narrow cognitive abilities such as Auditory processing, Visual processing, Verbal comprehension, Fluid reasoning, Working memory, and Processing speed.

IQ tests can be done for a wide range of purposes which are as follows:-

Educational Purposes: These tests can benefit students who need support in learning or they can benefit students with extremely high intelligence for quick learning.

Jobs: IQ tests can serve the purpose of indirectly interrogating a client to see if he/she is fit for a certain role.

Research: IQ can be used to study the effects of different factors on intelligence, such as genetics, environment, and education.

Diagnosis: These tests can be used to diagnose intellectual disabilities and giftedness.

Below is a list of people who have the highest IQ in the world:-

1. Terence Tao

IQ: 230
Born: July 17, 1985
Occupation: Australian Mathematician

Terence Tao, a highly regarded mathematician of both Australian and American heritage, currently serves as a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He is widely acknowledged as one of today’s leading mathematicians, and his intellect has earned him the unofficial title of “the highest IQ in the world,” also known as “The Mozart of mathematics.” British Fields Medalist Timothy Gowers has commended Tao for his extensive knowledge.

Tao, who was born in Australia to Chinese immigrant parents, demonstrated his mathematical talent at the remarkably young age of two when he delved into mathematical literature. At the age of seven, he was admitted to a gifted education program. Remarkably, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Flinders University at the age of 16 and completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Princeton University by the time he was 21. Tao’s research covers a wide range of mathematical fields, including harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic and arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, probability theory, compressed sensing, and analytic number theory.

His exceptional contributions have earned him numerous prestigious awards, such as the Fields Medal, the MacArthur Fellowship, and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. With a substantial portfolio of over 300 scientific publications, Tao is not only an outstanding researcher but also a highly effective communicator and educator, as evident in his popular science publications like “What is Mathematics?” and “The Man Who Loved Only Numbers.”

2. Marilyn Vos Savant

IQ: 228
Born: August 11th, 1946
Occupation: American Columnist

Marilyn Vos Savant is a renowned American columnist known for her exceptional IQ of 228. This achievement has earned her a place in the Guinness Book of Records as one of the individuals with the highest recorded IQ scores worldwide. Since 1986, she has authored the Sunday puzzle-solving column titled “Ask Marilyn” in Parade magazine.

Vos Savant attained an impressive IQ score of 228 at the age of ten when she took the Stanford-Binet IQ test, classifying her in the “genius” category. In 1968, she graduated from Washington University in St. Louis with a degree in philosophy. Her column, “Ask Marilyn,” has been a consistent feature in Parade magazine since 1986. Notably, in 1990, her column played a significant role in increasing public awareness of the Monty Hall problem. Among her notable works are “The Marilyn vos Savant Brain Teaser Book” (1987) and “Ask Marilyn” (1993).

Furthermore, Vos Savant has made numerous television appearances, including appearances on shows such as “Jeopardy!” and “The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.” She is a member of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Mensa Society. Additionally, she holds the distinction of being a fellow of the American Humanist Association.

3. K. Visalini

IQ: 225
Born: 23 May 23, 2000
Occupation: Researcher

K. Visalini, one of the Indian prodigies with the highest IQ in the world,, stands among the top achievers in terms of IQ. Despite being born with ankyloglossia, she has earned 13 international certifications and set 5 world records. Currently, she engages in research spanning fields such as Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurophysiology, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Brain-Computer Interface, Exoskeleton Technology, Computer Vision, Signal Processing, and Autonomous Navigation.

During her school years, her remarkable abilities earned her two promotions. At the young age of 15, she received honors from former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and Prime Minister Modi, and she addressed an audience of over 700 scientists at ISRO. Subsequently, she completed her B.Tech degree in three years with a GPA of 9.6/10 at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education.

At the age of 22, she represented India at the 72nd Lindau Nobel Laureates Meeting on Medicine/Physiology in Germany, as nominated by the Indian Government. Additionally, the Tamil Nadu State Government has included her biography in the 11th-grade English textbook for six consecutive academic years.

4. Kim Ung Yong

IQ: 210
Born: March 8, 1962
Occupation: Civil Engineer

Kim Ung-Yong, a celebrated figure from South Korea with a background in civil engineering, is renowned for holding the world’s highest-recorded IQ. As a child prodigy, he achieved an extraordinary IQ score exceeding 210 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

At the tender age of one, Kim had already memorized the entire Korean alphabet and had mastered 1000 Chinese characters from the ’Thousand Character Classic,’ a 6th-century Chinese poem. By the age of three, he demonstrated proficiency in solving calculus problems. Impressively, he authored a 247-page book in both English and German, which featured essays, calligraphy, and illustrations.

Kim’s remarkable IQ score of 210, achieved at the age of four on a test intended for seven-year-olds, earned him recognition in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s smartest individual. By age five, Kim could fluently converse in Korean, English, French, German, and Japanese. His exceptional intelligence led to his recruitment by NASA at the age of eight, where he made remarkable contributions over ten years.

5. Jacob Barnett

IQ: 170
Born: May 26 1998
Occupation: American Physicist

Jacob Barnett, a young American mathematician and physicist, garnered widespread recognition for his extraordinary accomplishments despite the early challenges associated with autism. From a young age, he displayed exceptional proficiency in mathematics and science.

At the age of just two, Jacob, possessing the highest IQ in the world, demonstrated the ability to solve 5,000-piece jigsaw puzzles and read textbooks in mathematics and physics typically reserved for college-level students. When he reached eight years old, he began enrolling in college-level courses at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and authored research papers in the fields of theoretical physics and astrophysics.

In 2012, Jacob delivered a TEDxTeen talk titled “Forget What You Think You Know,” wherein he shared his unique educational experiences and perspective. Subsequently, he gained admission to the esteemed Perimeter Scholars International program at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada, renowned for its contributions to theoretical physics research.

In our quest to identify the highest IQ in the world, we’ve examined the lives of exceptional individuals with remarkable intellectual abilities. While IQ is a valuable measure of cognitive prowess, it’s important to remember that intelligence takes various forms. These exceptional minds have shown that with dedication and support, anyone can reach their full potential. The pursuit of knowledge and the celebration of diverse talents enrich our world, reminding us that the highest global IQ is just one aspect of human capability within our intricate tapestry.

Also Read: The Top 10 World’s Toughest exams to crack

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What is Aerospace Engineering?

Before exploring career options in this challenging fiel, it is important to grasp the essence of this field.

Put simply, aerospace engineering encompasses the design, development, testing, and production of aircraft, and spacecraft, as well as related systems and equipment. This field comprises two major and interconnected branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.

The origins of aerospace engineering can be traced back to the pioneering efforts of aviators in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Originally labeled as “aeronautical engineering,” Informally, aerospace engineering is often colloquially referred to as “rocket science.”

What Do Aerospace Engineers Do?

There are many career options in aerospace engineering, and this often leads to confusion about the primary duties of these professionals. In this blog, we will clarify their key responsibilities

These engineers are responsible for designing, developing, testing, and maintaining aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and related systems. They apply principles of physics, mathematics, and engineering to advance aerospace technology.

Some of their primary tasks encompass:

• Designing and testing the aerodynamics of novel aircraft wings.
• Innovating propulsion systems for spacecraft.
• Constructing satellites for communication, navigation, or Earth observation.
• Developing flight control systems to ensure the stability and trajectory of aircraft and spacecraft.
• Pioneering new materials and manufacturing techniques for aerospace components.

In essence, they play a pivotal role in shaping the future of aviation and space exploration.

Skills Needed To Become An Aerospace Engineer

Decision Making: Aerospace engineers play a pivotal role in decision-making. They continuously decide on aspects such as aircraft design, material selection, and construction methods. Informed choices contribute to safer and more efficient aircraft designs.

Operations Analysis: Part of an aerospace engineer’s job involves analyzing aircraft operations encompassing design, manufacturing, and testing. The ability to assess operation performance is crucial, as it allows engineers to pinpoint areas for enhancement.

Problem-Solving: Problem-solving skills are essential for aerospace engineers during aircraft design and construction. Proficient problem solvers can generate effective solutions and implement them promptly.

Critical Thinking: They must engage in critical thinking. Given that some aircraft may operate beyond Earth’s atmosphere, meticulous planning and design are imperative.

Analytical Skills: Analytical thinking is another vital skill for these engineers, involving the examination of data to arrive at practical solutions. Analytical thinking is particularly valuable for the mathematical and scientific aspects of this field.

Science and Math Proficiency: Proficiency in mathematics and science is paramount for aerospace engineers. A strong foundation in these subjects is essential for success in this career.

Software Skills: Aerospace professionals must excel in computer skills. They often utilize specialized software for aircraft design, manage data through spreadsheets, and employ computers for communication purposes.

Basic Educational Qualifications You Will Need

To ensure that students have a wide range of career options in aerospace engineering, they should choose a science track during their junior college years. This track should include courses in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.

Keeping up with scientific developments and staying informed about current events in the field is essential. Additionally, internships, entry-level positions, and apprenticeships can be instrumental in offering aspiring aerospace engineers valuable hands-on experience. This practical exposure helps them enhance their expertise in aerospace engineering.

Aerospace Engineer Certifications

To broaden your career options in aerospace engineering, several professional certificates can enhance your qualifications. These certificates are available through various sources, including professional organizations like the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the American Society for Quality (ASQ), as well as government agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Below is a list of some of the most popular professional certificates for aerospace engineers:

• Certified Aerospace Engineer (CAE)
• Certified Professional Aerospace Auditor (CPAA)
• Certified Professional in Aerospace Quality (CQA)
• Certified Aerospace Quality Manager (CAQM)
• Certified Flight Test Engineer (CFTE)

These certifications can significantly boost your expertise and career prospects in the field of aerospace engineering.

1. Aeronautical Engineer

Courses: BSc/MSc in Aeronautics and Astronautics, BSc/MSc in Aerospace Engineering, BEng (Hons)/MEng (Hons) in Aeronautical Engineering,

Average Academic Fees: $64,698

Average Annual Salary: $101835 per year

Aeronautical engineers create, design, test, and manufacture aircraft and spacecraft. They utilize their expertise in mathematics, engineering principles, and aerospace technology to ensure the safe and efficient design and production of these vehicles.

Universities in the USA that offer a degree in aerospace engineering include some of the most prestigious institutions in the world, such as MIT, Georgia Tech, Purdue, Michigan, Caltech, Stanford, UT Austin, Virginia Tech, and Princeton

Career options for aeronautical engineers are diverse and include:

• Aerodynamics Engineer
• Design Engineer
• Aeronautical Engineer
• Engineering Consultant
• Buyers and Procurement Officer
• CNC Programmer
• CAD Technician
• Associate/ Lead Manufacturing Engineer
• Associate Mechanical Design and Analysis Engineer
• Associate Systems Engineer
• Safety Representative Engineer
• Professor
• Flight Controls Engineer
• Stress Engineer (Aerostructure, Airbus)

Aeronautical engineering is a challenging but rewarding field that offers the opportunity to make a real difference in the world.

2 Astronautical Engineer

Courses: BSc/MSc in Aerospace Engineering with Astronautics Concentration, BSc/MSc in Aeronautics and Astronautics, BSc/MSc in Aerospace Engineering.

Average Academic Fees: $100,000

Average Annual Salary: $121,414

Astronautical engineering offers numerous challenges and rewards, along with a plethora of job opportunities. These engineers have the responsibility of designing, developing, and testing spacecraft, rockets, and various space systems. Moreover, they play a vital role in missions connected to space exploration.

Here are some leading universities in the USA that provide astronautical engineering degrees: California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Stanford University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan, among others.

After completing your degree in astronautical engineering, you can pursue a variety of job opportunities, including:

• Spacecraft Engineer
• Rocket Engineer
• Space Systems Engineer
• Spacecraft Design Engineer
• Spacecraft Propulsion Engineer
• Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Engineer
• Spacecraft Software Engineer
• Spacecraft Manufacturing Engineer
• Spacecraft Research Engineer
• Spacecraft test Engineer
• Mission planning Engineer
• Flight operations Engineer

If you are interested in pursuing a career in astronautical engineering, I encourage you to research different programs and universities to find the right fit for you.

3. Propulsion Engineer

Courses: BE/BTech/ ME/MTech in Aerospace Engineering/ Aeronautical Engineering.

Average Academic Fees: $92,739

Average Annual Salary: $102,136.

Propulsion engineers design, develop, and test propulsion systems for various vehicles, including aircraft and spacecraft. Their work is integral to the transportation industry, enhancing safety, efficiency, and environmental friendliness.

Here are some of the top universities in the USA that offer a degree in propulsion engineering: California Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Michigan, Florida Institute of Technology, and University of Florida.

After completing your degree in propulsion engineering, you can pursue a variety of job opportunities, including:

• Propulsion Engineer
• Rocket Engineer
• Jet engine Engineer
• Turbine Engineer
• Combustion Engineer
• Fluid mechanics Engineer
• Thermodynamics Engineer
• Aerodynamics Engineer
• Propulsion Systems Engineer
• Propulsion Design Engineer
• Propulsion Test Engineer
• Propulsion Research Engineer

4. Aerospace Systems Engineer

Courses: Bachelor/ Master of Science, Bachelor/Master of Engineering, Bachelor/Master in Aerospace Engineering, Bachelor/Master in Mechanical Engineering, Bachelor/Master System Engineering, etc.

Average Academic Fees:  $ 64,698

Average Annual Salary: $126,700

Aerospace systems engineers design, develop, and integrate intricate systems for aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace vehicles, ensuring seamless collaboration among various components to attain desired performance.

Aerospace systems engineers design, develop, and integrate complex systems for aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace vehicles. They work to ensure that all the different components of these systems work together seamlessly to achieve the desired performance.

The United States boasts several top universities that offer degrees in aerospace systems engineering. These institutions include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Purdue University, the University of Michigan, the University of Texas at Austin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), and the University of Southern California (USC).

After completing your degree in aerospace systems engineering, you can pursue a variety of job opportunities, including:

• Aerospace Systems Engineer
• Systems Engineer
• Systems Architect
• Systems Analyst
• Systems Integrator
• Test and Evaluation Engineer
• Program Manager
• Project Manager
• Technical Manager
• Research Engineer
• Development Engineer
• Design Engineer
• Manufacturing Engineer

5. Aerospace Software Engineer

Courses: Bachelor/Master in Aerospace Engineering, Bachelor/Master Degree in Computer Science, Bachelor/Master Degree in Software Engineering, and Bachelor/Master  Degree in Electrical or Electronic Engineering.

Average Academic Fees:  $55,000

Average Annual Salary: $97,653

Aerospace software engineers play a crucial role in the development of new aerospace technologies and the improvement of existing systems. They design, develop, and test software for aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace systems.

If you’re interested in pursuing a degree in aerospace software engineering in the USA, consider some of the top universities offering this program. These universities include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Purdue University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Texas at Austin.

After completing your degree in aerospace software engineering, you can pursue a variety of job opportunities, including:

• Aerospace Software Engineer
• Software Engineer
• Systems Engineer
• Systems Architect
• Software Developer
• Firmware Engineer
• Test Engineer
• Validation Engineer
• Integration Engineer
• Research Engineer
• Development Engineer
• Design Engineer

In summary, aerospace engineering offers several popular career paths, with numerous U.S. universities providing specialized programs in these fields. Pursuing these top five careers can open up numerous job opportunities. These distinct paths showcase the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of the aerospace industry, offering limitless opportunities for those who thrive on pushing boundaries. We hope you’ve gained valuable insights from this blog. For more content like this, please continue reading The USA Leaders.

Sushmita Nibandhe

ALSO READ: 25 Alluring Facts about NASA that will feed your Curiosity

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Your Coach, Ms Beh Su Jane

Beh Su Jane, all the more regularly referred to her understudies as Miss Beh, is an instructor. She is an accomplished Science Communicator and Cambridge A-Level Science (9700) expert beginning around 2017. Her enthusiasm for educating is reflected in her obligation to her understudies.

During the pandemic, she began recording addresses for her own understudies, which later birthed into her YouTube channel @behlogy, making connecting with, instructive, open substance accessible to a worldwide crowd. As the pioneer and host of @behlogy, Miss Beh is answerable for making and conveying top-notch instructive substance to her crowd. She has a demonstrated history of progress, with the development of 0 to 7,000 YouTube endorsers and the structure of a private venture selling notes in a limited capacity to focus under 2 years.

Notwithstanding her YouTube channel, Miss Beh was likewise a full-time teacher at Methodist School Kuala Lumpur (MCKL), where she showed more than 200 understudies Cambridge A-Level Science and Australian Registration (WACE) Science. 65% of her Science understudies scored As and A*s in their Cambridge A-Level Science assessments. She is as of now a Chief Partner with administrative, managerial, and educational plan composing jobs at TSC Youth Training Gathering.

Scholastically, Miss Beh was likewise a straight-A Cambridge A-Level understudy, who was granted the MCKL Instructing Grant. With the assistance of the grant, she finished her Four-year education in science in Science with a 2:1 at the College of York, UK. She likewise has a Cambridge Worldwide Recognition in Educating and Learning.

She has confidence in entire individual training, and was consequently engaged with training understudy pioneers, talking talks at understudy occasions and camps, and going about as a guide for understudy boards of trustees all through her vocation. She has a personal stake in psychological wellness and Scriptural guiding and needs to grasp the human heart and the requirement for God in a more profound way. During her spare energy, she appreciates watching food-related YouTube recordings, cooking, eating, resting, paying attention to musicals, and watching motion pictures.

Also Read: Biomedical Engineering Vs. Biotechnology

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AR Explained

Augmented Reality (AR) refers to the transcendence of digital elements put into the physical world in real time. This technology is popularly seen and used on several devices today. AR works on several devices, ranging from computers to tablets and mobile phones. It is commonly seen on social media platforms, e-commerce websites, and much more. These devices help the user augment the real world.  Therefore, AR technology alters a natural scene with virtual elements.

The Difference Between AR and VR

VR refers to a complete virtual experience, having nothing to do with the real world. In fact, VR acts as a replacement to the real world, totally immersing oneself in a virtual environment. Another key factor that differentiates the two is the need for a VR headset to experience a optimum VR environment, whereas AR can simply be experienced through a smartphone. On another note, AR acts as an enhancement to the real world.

Benefits of AR

Immersion is critical when businesses want users to stay hooked on anything, and that’s precisely what AR focuses on. One of the significant benefits of AR is that it can be used through smartphones, one of the world’s most popular devices, making it easily accessible to several individuals. Other advantages include how it is intuitive and easy to understand and apply. This allows users to easily figure out how it works without any struggle.

AR For Learning

AR is shaping how people look at things, including education. Its immersiveness offers an excellent opportunity to learn things in a fun and entertaining environment. Intrinsically this could help people understand a subject better. This can be seen in several majors, including mathematics, theatre, history, computing, sciences, and much more.

Computer Sciences on the rise

Until recently, AR and VR were only futuristic concepts. However, due to the advancements in technology and skilled computer science professionals within the industry, they are now more common. AR and VR have risen tremendously in popularity since their inception, and their need in the world will gradually continue to grow as experts continue to evolve and improve this technology.

In technology, change is constant. It’s seen everywhere, whether in video game graphics, movie animations, and videography, casino games such as the immersive pragmatic slots, sports-technology, and so much more. This change can be seen through the modifications, upgrades, bug improvements, and discoveries we see continuously within the tech industry. All of this is made possible due to the most talented computer science engineers. This is the primary reason why these professionals are always in such great demand.

Lastly, being a computer science engineer comes with the responsibility and pride towards contributing towards shaping the future of technology and society.

Combining Efforts

AR is being utilized in university education more and more, usually to help with challenging subjects.

For instance, those who struggle with geometry may utilize augmented reality to see and manipulate 3D geometric constructions.

Additionally, through virtual field trips that allow interaction with individuals from other cultures, augmented reality may also be used in the classroom to inform about the world’s different cultures.

By using the interaction and experimentation offered by AR technology, lecturers may enhance university experiences, teach new skills, stimulate brains, and get them enthused about pursuing new academic interests.

What To Expect in the Future

With more individuals having access to technology, the augmented reality industry will grow with time. Numerous fields and professions may benefit from its utilization.

Business cards are a well-liked and simple choice that may be employed with basic AR solutions.

Healthcare organizations may employ augmented reality (AR) for diagnostics and medical imaging by using a 3D patient model.

Augmented reality (AR) may be used to model an automobile without having to start from scratch in the automotive industry. The only basis on which engineers would be able to assess vehicle performance will be their calculations.

Virtual building modelling is another way that AR might be useful. This will highlight the project’s weaknesses even before it begins and help avoid many accidents.

Conclusion

In the last several years, augmented reality’s popularity has skyrocketed. This innovation might have far-reaching consequences for society and perhaps could save lives. Numerous people are curious in the modern technology of augmented reality (AR) because of the many advances it has seen as a result of computer science’s rising profile.

ALSO READ: 25 Alluring Facts about NASA that will feed your Curiosity

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Keep on reading to find out what laser optics are and what quality requirements they should adhere to.

What Are Laser Optics?

Laser optics are applied to optical elements and systems that use lasers. They are used to transmit, focus, filter, redirect or manipulate laser light. Light from a laser is usually more intense than a normal light source and moves uni-directional. Laser optics are designed for the purpose of the instrument it is applied to. Since each instrument is different, each laser optic is different as well. For example, optics for a 266nm laser may not fit a 1064nm laser. There are lots of instruments and applications that use laser optics.

A good overview of the different kinds of laser optics can be found at https://www.pleiger-laseroptik.de/en/. Some examples are as follows:

• Laser mirrors (redirects and distributes beams)
• Laser lenses (focused beams)
• Laser windows (protects optical equipment)
• Laser filters (improve quality or intensity of the beam)
• Laser beamsplitters (splits laser beams into several beams)

Requirements of Laser Optics

Laser optics have a very short bandwidth and power. They are much more complex than regular light and therefore need special laser optics. Normal optics will not work properly with laser light. Laser optics usually need to be of impeccable quality and simple glass won’t always be enough. It is therefore held to the highest standard regarding quality.

Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT)

Laser Induced Damage Threshold refers to the amount of energy that an optical element can take without damage. It is expressed in J/cm2. This LIDT is important for high-power lasers and should be designed for a certain wavelength. During the designing process, it is important to know whether the laser is CW or Pulsed.

Laser optics try to achieve a 100% transmission rate. To reach this perfect rate, a number of things can be done: For example, the material that is used to make the laser optics should be very pure. Lasers will destroy impurities and therefore damage the glass. The optics should also be polished very well to reduce adsorption. Also, the element should be clean at all times, and should preferably be cleaned in clean rooms.

Another very important thing is to add a coating to the optics. Anti-reflection coating helps tremendously to improve transmission. The best coating is an IBS coating because it can enable a higher layer density.

Laser Optics Material

There are a handful of materials that are most suitable for manufacturing laser optics. Since laser optics should be made of pure material, manufacturing them is not an easy task. The most common material that is used to produce laser optics is fused silica. This material is praised for its purity, as it is more than 99,99% pure. The chance that laser optics made with this material will deteriorate because of impurities is less than 1%.

Other materials that are often used for the production of laser optics are CaF2 Nd (high LIDT and is therefore used for high-power lasers), MgF2 (UV and Excimer lasers), and N-BK7/ H-K9L (cannot be used for high power lasers).

ALSO READ: 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence you should read

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Quick Facts:

1. The full form of NASA is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2. NASA was started on October 1, 1958, as a part of the US government project.
3. NASA has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has 10 centers across the United States.
4. Since its inception, NASA has been actively working to create human spaceflights.
5. Apollo 11, Mercury, Gemini, Space Shuttle, and International Space Station are some of the biggest achievements of NASA.

Fun Facts about NASA

1. Being a cartoon lover, NASA named its two satellites “Tom” and “Jerry”.
2. According to NBC, Apollo 11’s Aldrin used a ballpoint pen to fix a broken arming switch in the lunar model.
3.  In 1992, NASA sent the first African-American woman in space named Mae Johnson.
4. After NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, it quarantined three of its astronauts as it was concerned about ‘lunar germs’.
5. Neil Armstrong almost didn’t make it to NASA as his application was too late.

When it comes to achieving something impossible that no one could have ever imagined, NASA tops the list and over the years, it has been surprising the world with its innovations, spaceships, inventions, and discoveries. Following are some interesting facts about NASA that will blow your mind.

1. NACA: Before NASA, there was the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) for space operations. It was pronounced as individual letters instead of whole words. Moreover, it was described as “The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy” during World War 2. 
2. Mars Conspiracy: Three gentlemen from Yemen named Adam Ismail, Mustafa Khalil, and Abdullah al-Umari, filed a legal complaint against NASA for invading Mars. They claimed they own the red planet as their ancestors passed on the planet 3000 years ago. To prove this, they presented some documents and demanded immediate suspension of all activities on Mars.
3. Animal Space Travel: NASA has sent more than 2200 animals such as insects, pigs, monkeys, rats, rabbits, and spiders into space. Space Shuttle Mission STS-90 carried these animals to space in 1998.
4. Insurance Complexity: Apollo astronauts signed ‘insurance autographs’ before launch as insurance companies did not allow their life insurance. NASA even did not take responsibility for their insurance.
5. Lightening: On November 14, 1969, a bolt of lightning struck Apollo 12. This badly affected the command module. The second strike of lightning almost damaged the guidance system. Flight controller and engineer John Aaron saved it and its crew members via a power-up sequence.
6. Mission Apollo 11: As per President John F. Kennedy’s goal given to NASA, the first man walked on the moon on 20 July 1969. This was a part of the Apollo 11 mission. It also included exploration by the lunar model, deployment of a TV camera, seismic experiment package, a Laser Ranging Retroreflector, etc.
7. Blackbird: The SR-71 or Blackbird was the world’s fastest jet-propelled aircraft. It was a long-range, high-altitude secretive spy aircraft used by NASA for research. NASA designed it in the late 1950s and it first flew in 1964.
8. Movie and Inaccuracies: NASA showed a movie named Armageddon to its new staff and asked about inaccuracies in the film. They identified at least 168 mistakes.
9. The Learning Channel (TLC): In 1972, NASA and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare founded The Learning Channel.
10. Weird Condition: A person can’t be qualified as an astronaut by NASA until they have completed 1000 hours of flying time or 50 miles in space.
11. Mission Artemis: Artemis program covers the lunar exploration program. By 2024, NASA will land the first woman on the moon along with astronauts. It wishes to establish a long-term presence on the moon for scientific discovery, economic benefits, and inspiration to a new generation of explorers. 
12. It’s all about Food: Astonishing facts about NASA also include food-related information. A space shuttle astronaut can only eat 3.8 pounds of food per day. The meals are stored in locker layers and it is handled in such a way that it does not get spoiled. As the space shuttle does not have a refrigerator, astronauts must keep the food fresh at ambient temperatures. 
13. Waterworld: NASA discovered  “Waterworld” which is about 40 light years away from the earth.  Scientists say that it might contain some exotic materials like hot ice and superfluid water.
14. Asteroid 433: Gregory Nemitz’s firm Orbital Development issued NASA a $20 parking ticket. It also claimed that after asteroid 433 Eros belonged to them and NASA’s craft NEAR Shoemaker had landed without permission.
15. Name a Shuttle: To name a new space shuttle, NASA arranged a competition among school children. Then-president George H.W. Bush announced the winner and named the shuttle Endeavor in May 1989.

These fascinating facts about NASA are a sheer inspiration to science and space lovers and enthusiasts. Since its foundation, NASA has been prominently in the spotlight because of its inventions as well as conspiracies. People around the world are eager to understand astonishing facts about NASA and we hope that this blog will provide you with the best information about one of the greatest space agencies.

Prajakta Zurale

ALSO READ: Reasons behind ‘Why did NASA stop exploring the ocean’?

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The Perihelion Point

The Earth reached its Perihelion this year on January 4, 2022, at 1:52 am EST (0652 GMT). At this point, the Earth was about 3 million miles (5 million kilometers) closer to the sun. However, the weather on Earth is not affected due to the Perihelion as the seasons are affected due to the tilt of the planet’s axis. The only observation due to the Perihelion is that the Earth moves a bit slower in its orbit causing the Northern Hemisphere’s winter to be approximately five days shorter than its summer.

Therefore, even when the Earth is the closest to the sun, the Northern Hemisphere will experience the same amount of cold during the winters. Also, as stated by Walter Petersen, a research physical scientist in the Earth science branch at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, “Even when you take into account that difference in distance between aphelion and perihelion, there’s only about a 7% difference in average global [solar energy] that we receive. And so it doesn’t amount to a great deal in terms of weather”.

Is this due to Global Warming?

The Perihelion is not an effect of global warming and neither does it cause or increase the risk of global warming. It is the elliptical orbit of the Earth around the sun that mainly causes this to happen once every year. This orbital behavior was explained by Johannes Kepler during the 17^th century in the second law of planetary motion. Kepler’s law describes the planetary motion along with the orbits of satellites and space stations. Therefore, the Perihelion does not cause any changes in the weather or seasons on the planet.

Read more: discovery of an active magnetic field of an exoplanet

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• For the first time in human history, a spacecraft has made contact with the Sun.

• The Parker Solar Probe reached within little under 15 solar radii of the Sun’s surface on its eighth flyby.

• The Parker Solar Probe was launched to investigate the Sun from a position closer to its surface than any previous probe.

Parker Solar Probe sails into the sun

For the first time in human history, a spacecraft has made contact with the Sun.

According to NASA, the Parker Solar Probe first sailed into the Sun’s outer layer known as the corona on April 28, 2021, collecting particles and measuring the Sun’s magnetic field. On December 14, the announcement was made public in a publication published in Physical Review Letters.

“The ‘touching the Sun’ of the Parker Solar Probe is a landmark milestone for solar research and a really spectacular achievement,” stated Thomas Zurbuchen, assistant administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC.

“Not only does this milestone offer us greater insights into our Sun’s evolution and its effects on our solar system, but what we discover about our own star tells us more about stars across the cosmos.“

Touching the sun

Scientists believe that the corona (the brilliant, slightly spikey portions around the moon that may be seen during a total eclipse) spans anywhere from 10 to 20 solar radii from the Sun’s surface or around 4.3 to 8.6 million miles.

Since its launch in 2018, the Parker Solar Probe has been on a tighter spiral course around the Sun, and on its eighth time around at roughly 18.8 solar radii, it experienced important magnetic and particle characteristics that indicated it had crossed the ACS and entered the Sun’s corona.

The probe’s maiden flight into the corona lasted only a few hours, but as the 11-year solar cycle intensifies, the corona will spread outward, allowing the probe many more chances to fly through it.

The Parker Solar Probe reached within little under 15 solar radii of the Sun’s surface on its eighth flyby, and it is predicted to ultimately get within 8.86 solar radii of the Sun’s surface. Its next flyby is anticipated for January 2022, during which it will most certainly travel through the corona once more.

Journey to the sun’s surface

The Parker Solar Probe was launched to investigate the Sun from a position closer to its surface than any previous probe. It can endure temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit owing to a thermal barrier composed of a sophisticated carbon-composite material (1,377 degrees Celsius).

This has the effect of cutting through the heat of the Sun in the same way as a racecar splits up the air in front of it, generating a draught behind it. Another automobile finds less wind resistance in the space behind the racer and can actually accelerate quicker than if it were in front.

Similarly, the Parker Solar Probe’s thermal barrier drives heat away from the probe, allowing the probe and its instruments behind it to encounter a much more controllable temperature that will not melt all of its equipment.

Read more: New Space Race for the Moon Intensifying

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• Microsoft Research is putting us one step closer to commercially viable DNA storage.

• Bichlien Nguyen and Karin Strauss of Microsoft Research describe a novel approach for writing synthetic DNA using a chip that is 1000x quicker.

• The technology would make cloud backup and cloud storage more durable and scalable as we approach the zettabyte future.

Faster method to write synthetic DNA

Microsoft Research has discovered a means to read and write data in DNA format more quickly, putting us one step closer to commercially viable DNA storage.

To date, the practicality of DNA as a data storage medium has been severely limited by how much and how quickly it could be manufactured. However, in a thorough study, Bichlien Nguyen and Karin Strauss of Microsoft Research describe a novel approach for writing synthetic DNA using a chip that is 1000x quicker than previously, allowing substantially better write throughput and thereby decreasing the cost of generating the material in the first place.

The researchers collaborated with the University of Washington’s Molecular Information Laboratory (MISL), and their publication, Scaling DNA Storage with Nanoscale Electrode Wells, was published in Science Advances.

A Microsoft official stated in a statement:

“We are still in the early stages of this study, and while we are encouraged by our preliminary findings, we have nothing further to disclose regarding future intentions [for commercialization].” To contribute to the research, the DNA synthesis chip served as a proof of concept, demonstrating that the electrode layout design could be utilized to synthesize massively parallel unique DNA sequences for data storage.”

“A natural next step is to embed digital logic in the chip to allow individual control of millions of electrode spots to write kilobytes per second of data in DNA, and we foresee the technology reaching arrays containing billions of electrodes capable of storing megabytes per second of data in DNA. This will bring DNA data storage performance and cost significantly closer to tape.“

The Zettabyte future

Microsoft, as one of the world’s leading cloud computing firms, has a great interest in developing this technology, which would make cloud backup and cloud storage more durable and scalable as we approach the zettabyte future.

As exciting as this all sounds, we are still a long way from putting DNA on data. Leaving aside the technological complications, DNA data storage is just too expensive–a few gigabytes would cost thousands of dollars, according to ETH Zurich’s Robert Grass, and the poor write rates mean DNA would not be suitable for frequently accessed data. Nonetheless, academics all across the globe are attempting to bring us closer to a day when the data we generate is stored on the same molecule that stores our genetic information.

Also read: The New Omicron Variant: Everything you Need to Know

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• STEM education is a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications and teaching methods
• STEM education approach prepares professionals who can transform society with innovation and sustainable solutions
• The STEM Marin science program by the Novato Unified School District offers learning in engineering, biotechnology, and comprehensive tracks

What is STEM Education?

STEM education has gained significant importance due to its integrated approach curriculum that includes science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Instead of learning these 4 disciplines separately, STEM integrates these into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications and teaching methods. Currently, there is a huge demand for workers in STEM-related jobs. Catering to this increasing demand, Novato Unified School District has recently established a $13.1 million building for STEM studies.

The STEM Marin Science Program

Novato Unified School District has recently developed a new building to introduce and implement the STEM Marin science program. The building has been built with funds from voter-approved bond measures providing professional STEM learning. The STEM Marin science program offers three tracks–engineering, biotechnology, and comprehensive. The engineering and biotechnology tracks are for science-oriented students and the comprehensive track includes a general curriculum with one science class per year.

This course has been created to allow students to use cross-disciplinary knowledge to solve problems. Science provides an in-depth understanding of research and critical thinking, technology provides experience and prepares to work on high-tech innovations, engineering allows enhancement of problem-solving skills and application of knowledge in new projects, and mathematics enables to analyze information, eliminate errors, and make conscious decisions while designing solutions.

STEM Building

The STEM building has been built on 18,000-square-foot area that includes 10 science classrooms and laboratories. Many other features including a positive pressure clean room, student breakout spaces and an indoor-outdoor workflow model have been added. The building has been designed professionally including set-up of large whiteboards for presentations. This new building will serve as a touchstone for STEM Marin, the school’s magnet science program. The center was completed in September 2020 but is being utilized now for STEM teaching and learning.

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